This report responds to increasing requests from developing countries to help assess the feasibility of domestic production of biofuels for transport. The scope of the analysis is the short to medium term. As such, the report considers primarily commercially available or near-commercial technologies that could be adopted in developing countries in the next 5 to 10 years. Given the focus on transport applications, the report does not look at potential small-scale options for biofuels in rural communities (such as for diesel generators or agricultural machinery), where cost of biofuel production would be higher, but where the delivered costs of fossil fuels are also high. The report also does not discuss biogas, or solid biomass (such as combustion of solid biomass to generate electricity), except where its use occurs as part of liquid fuel production. The report reviews global experience with large-scale biofuel programs, focusing on ethanol and biodiesel as transportation fuels, and assesses the socio-economic considerations for establishing such programs in developing countries.